(Image : Jack Patrick Dorsey's first ideation drawing for Twitter)
(The following text can be copied, edited, and rephrased without changing the intent and the conceptual framework. There is no need for copyright attribution or citation. Please share, if possible, for the benefit of others who are not on my list of contacts- Narendra Raghunath)
Although I have 25 years of teaching experience in specialised education (Art/Design) and have had many opportunities to interact with the art and design community, my recent year working with various public institutes and colleges after leaving full-time teaching at a private college has highlighted a significant gap between private and public education in the country. Despite issues in both systems, I have observed a general need for preparedness on the pedagogic front in non-international schools, primarily due to government education policies. Public institutions often have more dedicated and committed teachers than private ones.
Motivated by this, I am creating an open-access framework to compile a list of academic frameworks, tools, techniques, and methods for art and design teaching and learning. Given that art and design teaching is inherently practice-based, my experience teaching in this area for 25 years has shown that combining more than three pedagogic frameworks is essential to effectively manage the classroom, transitioning the teacher's role from guide to mentor, critical evaluator, and facilitator. These frameworks are categorised into levels of learning, stages of learning, principles of learning, concepts of learning, elements of learning, skillsets of learning, and events of learning, with a particular emphasis on the principles of learning.
Moreover, teachers should adopt 6 to 7 pedagogic tools, techniques, and methods based on the classroom models and objectives to ensure effective learning.
Also, the classroom has to be anchored in one of the design philosophies to achieve a successful design approach for the student.
The details of these frameworks and methods are extensively available on the internet. However, I will discuss these pedagogy elements in greater detail in the coming weeks.
A few commonly used Art and Design pedagogic models :
1. Bloom's Taxonomy: (Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, Creating: Levels)
2. SAMR Model: (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, Redefinition: Levels)
3. Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle:(Concrete Experience, Reflective Observation, Abstract Conceptualization, Active Experimentation : stages)
4. Backward Design (Understanding by Design - UbD):(Identify Desired Results, Determine Acceptable Evidence, Plan Learning Experiences and Instruction : Stages)
5. ADDIE Model: (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation: Stages)
6. Constructivist Learning Theory:(Learners construct knowledge through experiences and interactions: Principles)
7. Mayer’s Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning:(Dual Channel, Limited Capacity, Active Processing: Principles)
8. Flipped Classroom Model:(Students engage with instructional content at home and practice concepts in class: Principles)
9. Universal Design for Learning (UDL):(Multiple Means of Representation, Multiple Means of Action and Expression, Multiple Means of Engagement: Principles)
10. Heutagogy (Self-Determined Learning :( Learner autonomy, Capability development, Non-linear learning paths: Principles)
11. Vygotsky's Social Constructivism: (Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), Scaffolding: Concepts)
12. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences: (Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic: Intelligences)
13. TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge): (Content Knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge, Technological Knowledge: Components)
14. Community of Inquiry (CoI): (Social Presence, Cognitive Presence, Teaching Presence: Elements)
15. Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction: (Gain Attention, Inform Learners of Objectives, Stimulate Recall of Prior Learning, Present the Content, Provide Learning Guidance, Elicit Performance, Provide Feedback, Assess Performance, Enhance Retention and Transfer: Events)
A few commonly used pedagogic methods in Art and Design education.
Project-Based Learning (PBL)
Studio-Based Learning
Design Thinking
Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
Collaborative Learning
Case Studies
Critiques and Feedback
Workshops and Hands-On Activities
Lectures and Seminars
Reflective Practice
Technology Integration
Field Trips and Industry Engagement
Workshops and Masterclasses
Blended Learning
Mentorship and Coaching
Field Trips and Industry Visits
Portfolio Development
User-Centered Design
Design Thinking Workshops
Rapid /Prototyping
Hackathons and Design Sprints
Experimental Studio Sessions
Interdisciplinary Projects
Speculative Design
User-Centered Design (UCD) Methods
Open-Ended Assignments
Reverse Engineering
Critical Making
Scenario Planning and Role-Playing
Use of Emerging Technologies
Cross-Cultural Design
Gamification and Playful Design
Peer-to-Peer Learning
Reflection and Feedback
Ethnographic Research
Contextual Inquiry
Heuristic Evaluation
Experimental Research
Grounded Theory
Workshops and Focus Groups
Visual and Narrative Methods
Archival Research
Mixed Methods Research
Community Engagement
Policy and Advocacy
Sustainability and Systems Thinking
Hackathons
Charrettes
Resource and Constraint-Based Design
Global and Local Perspectives
Materials and Manufacturing Processes
Ergonomics and Human Factors
Market Research and Trend Analysis
Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA)
Industry Partnerships and Internships
Entrepreneurship and Business Skills
Computer-aided/Technology aided Design (CAD)
Commonly practised Important Design philosophies:
· User-Cantered Design (UCD):
· Human-Cantered Design (HCD):
· Sustainable Design:
· Inclusive Design:
· Design Thinking:
· Systems Thinking:
· Critical Design:
· Speculative Design:
· Participatory Design:
· Agile Design:
· Minimalist Design:
· Aesthetic Design:
· Emotional Design:
· Biophilic Design:
· Design for Disassembly:
· Contextual Design:
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